Thermal expansion thiab contraction them nyiaj: Txhim kho pwm qhov ntev raws li cov khoom siv.
Kev ua kom zoo ntawm cov qauv: zam cov kaum ntse ntse kom tsis txhob muaj kev ntxhov siab.
Kev tswj cua txias: Qhia kom khov kho kom txo tau qhov kev pheej hmoo deformation.
Cov txheej txheem sib txuam: Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov xuab zeb casting thiab peev casting tuaj yeem ncav cuag 0.5%.
